Câncer de colo uterino associado a fatores de risco ocupacional* / Cervical cancer related to occupational risk factors: review

Introdução: Fatores de risco associados ao trabalho podem causar, entre outros, câncer de colo uterino. Objetivo: Identificar na literatura especializada a associação entre câncer de colo de útero e a exposição aos fatores ocupacionais de risco. Métodos: Realizou-se um levantamento bibliográfico em bases de dados eletrônicos com os seguintes descritores: câncer de colo uterino e riscos ocupacionais. Resultados: Trabalhadores expostos ao tabaco nas fábricas de cigarro, fluidos de motores, exposição ocupacional a fungos e bactérias e ao tetracloroetileno, presente em produtos de limpeza usados em lavanderias e para desengraxar metais, estariam mais susceptíveis ao desenvolvimento de câncer de colo uterino. Conclusão: Há poucos estudos que identificam a relação entre o câncer de colo de útero e os fatores de risco ocupacional, dificultando a associação entre o carcinogênese e o fator de risco.

Background: Occupational risk factors are associated with many types of neoplasms including cervical cancer. Objective: To review the specialized literature for evidence on the relationship between cervical cancer and exposure to occupational hazards. Methods: Literature search in electronic databases using keywords cervical cancer and occupational risk. Results: Workers occupationally exposed to tobacco, fungi or bacteria, metalworking fluids and tetrachloroethylene used in dry cleaning and for metal degreasing exhibited higher susceptibility to cervical cancer. Conclusion: Few studies sought to investigate relationships between cervical cancer and occupational hazards, which hinders the attempts at establishing a causal link.

Productos de tabaco calentado con especial referencia a IQOS / Heated tobacco products with special reference to IQOS

Los Productos de Tabaco Calentado (PTC) son nuevos dispositivos de consumo de tabaco que se presentan como un producto de reducción del daño. El más difundido es IQOS de Philip Morris. En el aerosol de IQOS se detectan sustancias tóxicas en menor cantidad y concentración que las detectadas en el humo del cigarrillo convencional, a excepción de algunas. Estas sustancias son capaces de producir enfermedad, con alteración de las células del epitelio bronquial y del endotelio vascular y podría producir nuevos daños, como hepato-toxicidad. La cantidad de nicotina de IQOS es muy similar a los cigarrillos convencionales, por lo que es tan adictivo como el cigarrillo normal. La concentración de sustancias tóxicas emitidas al medio ambiente es menor que las del cigarrillo convencional, pero hay riesgo para la salud de los no fumadores expuestos. La mayoría de las personas usan los PTC como complemento a los cigarrillos convencionales, no como alternativa, transformándose en fumadores duales. IQOS puede crear nuevas generaciones adictas a la nicotina, además de renormalizar el consumo de tabaco en la sociedad. Muchas Sociedades Médicas de Enfermedades Respiratorias en el mundo se han manifestado en contra del uso de los PTC, y han propuesto que deben regirse bajo las mismas políticas regulatorias que se aplican a todos los productos de tabaco, en línea con lo establecido por el Convenio Marco de Control del Tabaco de la OMS.

Heated Tobacco Products (HTP) are new tobacco consumption devices that are presented as a harm reduction product. The most widespread is IQOS by Philip Morris. In the IQOS aerosol, toxic substances are detected in a smaller amount and concentration than those detected in conventional cigarettes, with the exception of some of them. These substances are able of inducing disease. They could modify bronchial epithelial cells and vascular endothelium and could cause additional damages, such as hepatotoxicity The amount of nicotine in IQOS is very similar to conventional cigarettes, so it is as addictive as a normal cigarette. The concentration of toxic substances emitted to the environment is lower than those of conventional cigarettes, but there is a health's risk of exposed non-smokers. Most people use HTP as a complement to conventional cigarettes, not as an alternative, becoming dual smokers. IQOS can create new generations addicted to nicotine, in addition to renormalize the tobacco's use in society. Many Medical Societies of Respiratory Diseases around the world have manifested against the use of HTP, and have proposed that they should be subject to the same regulatory policies that applied to all tobacco products, in line with the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.

Influência da Hidroquinona nas respostas imune humoral e celular induzida por vacina viral com proteína recombinante (Dengue) / The Influence of Hydroquinone in the humoral and cellular immune responses elicited by vaccination with Dengue envelope recombinant Protein

A fumaça do cigarro apresenta mais de 8700 substâncias identificadas, as quais já foram relacionadas com o desenvolvimento das mais variadas doenças. Dentre elas, uma substância relevante neste contexto de toxicidade do cigarro é a hidroquinona (HQ), gerada após a biotransformação do benzeno inalado. A HQ apresenta atividades relacionadas com a imunossupressão das respostas imune inata e adaptativa, observados mais no contexto in vitro e parcamente no in vivo; contudo, nenhum estudo ainda trouxe a abordagem do efeito da exposição à HQ sobre a resposta induzida por vacinação. Sendo assim, será que a exposição à fumaça do cigarro ou à HQ influenciaria na resposta de células B e geração de anticorpos induzidas por imunizações com vacinas anti-virais? Observamos que, após a exposição diária com 2500 ppm de HQ (equivalente a um maço de cigarro fumado / dia) por 8 semanas e vacinação com proteína recombinante codificadora do domínio III do Envelope do vírus da Dengue sorotipo 2 (EDIII) mais o adjuvante Alum, houve uma "tendência" para menores títulos de IgG total e IgG1 específicos à EDIII em camundongos C57BL/6. Análises histológicas revelaram um menor número de folículos e redução significativa de suas áreas no baço do grupo HQ em comparação com os não expostos. Para entendermos o efeito da HQ sobre a resposta humoral, realizamos uma análise de dados públicos de transcriptoma obtidas de amostras de sangue de humanos. Curiosamente, observamos que a HQ regula positivamente genes relacionados com a ativação de células B, assim como a migração e quimiotaxia de neutrófilos e outros leucócitos. Como é sabido que existe uma população de neutrófilos (N2) com a capacidade de auxiliar as respostas de células B, hipotetizamos que essas células poderiam disparar um mecanismo imunocompensatório que aumenta os títulos de anticorpos no grupo HQ

The cigarette smoke has more than 8700 harmful substances related to the occurrence of the most varied diseases. Among them, a relevant substance is the hydroquinone (HQ), generated upon the biotransformation of inhaled benzene. In vitro and in vivo analyses have demonstrated that HQ can suppress both innate and adaptive immune responses. However, no study has approached the effect of the HQ exposure on the vaccination-induced response. Thus, would the exposure to the cigarette smoke or HQ influence the B-cell and antibody responses elicited by immunizations with antiviral vaccines? We observed a "tendency" to lower titers of IgG total and IgG1 anti-EDIII in mice daily exposed to 2,500 ppm of HQ for 8 weeks and vaccinated. Histological analyses revealed a smaller number of follicles and a significant reduction in their area in the HQ group in comparison to their counterparts. In order to understand the effect of the HQ on the humoral response, we performed an analysis of public transcriptome data derived from human blood samples. We observed that the HQ up-regulates the expression of genes related to B cell activation as well as the migration and chemotaxis of neutrophils and other leukocytes. Considering that N2 neutrophils have the ability to help the B cell response, we have hypothesized that the HQ exposure may trigger an immunocompensatory effect, increasing the humoral response

Factores asociados a la susceptibilidad al consumo de cigarrillo en escolares de 10 y 11 años en Cartagena, Colombia / Factors associated with susceptibility to cigarette consumption in 10 and 11 year old school students from Cartagena, Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar los factores asociados a la susceptibilidad al consumo de cigarrillo en escolares de 10 y 11 años de sexto grado de la ciudad de Cartagena, Colombia. Método Se realizó un estudio analítico observacional transversal, con una muestra no probabilística por conveniencia de 289 escolares de 10 y 11 años de sexto grado de colegios públicos de Cartagena, Colombia. La información se recolectó a través de la ficha demográfica, la escala de susceptibilidad a la persuasión hacia el consumo, la escala Apgar familiar, Rosenberg para autoestima y la escala Zung de ansiedad, y el inventario de consumo de cigarrillo y actitudes frente al mismo de acuerdo con la Encuesta Mundial Sobre Tabaquismo en jóvenes (Emtajoven). Resultados Participaron 289 estudiantes, media para la edad 10,9 (DE=0,2); 157 (54,3%) fueron mujeres y 132 (45,7%) fueron hombres. La frecuencia de experimentación con cigarrillo alguna vez en la vida fue 20 (6,9%) y la alta susceptibilidad al consumo de cigarrillo fue 61 (21,1%). Los factores que se asociaron a alta susceptibilidad a la persuasión para consumo de cigarrillo fueron: ser del sexo masculino (OR de 2,8; IC95%: 1,6-5,1), disfunción familiar (OR: 2,3; IC95%: 1,2-4,2) y haber fumado alguna vez en la vida (OR: 3,4; IC95%: 1,3-8,7). Conclusiones La susceptibilidad al consumo de cigarrillo en estudiantes de sexto grado se asoció al sexo masculino, la disfuncionalidad familiar y haber fumado alguna vez en la vida.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To determine associated factors to susceptibility to smoking in school students between 10 and 11 years old from Cartagena, Colombia. Method A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted with a nonrandom convenience sample of 289 students between 10 and 11 years old of sixth-grade from public schools in Cartagena, Colombia. The information was collected through the demographic profile, the scale of susceptibility to persuasion towards consumption, the family Apgar scale, Rosenberg for self-esteem and Zung anxiety scale, and the smoking use inventory together with the attitudes on it, according to the Encuesta Mundial Sobre Tabaquismo en jóvenes (Emtajoven). Results 289 students, mean age 10,9 (SD = 0,25) participated, 157 (54,3%) were women and 132 (45,7%) were men. The frequency of cigarette consumption for at least once in their lives was 20 (6,9%), and the high persuasion susceptibility was 61 (21,1%). Factors associated with high persuasion susceptibility to smoking cigarette were: being male (OR: 2,8 and CI 95% 1,6 to 5,1), family dysfunction (OR: 2,3 CI 95% 1,2 to 4.2) and having ever smoked once in life (OR 3,4 CI 95% 1,3 to 8,7). Conclusions Susceptibility to smoking among students of 6th grade is associated with being male, family dysfunction and having ever smoked in life.(AU)

Cigarrillo y cáncer de cuello uterino / Cigarette and cervical cancer

El cáncer es un problema de salud pública mundial y su incidencia sigue elevándose. El 90 a 95% de las causas se deben a factores externos, de esos factores externos, el cigarrillo representa el 20 a 25%. La Agencia Internacional para la Investigación del Cáncer (IARC) han evaluado 62 de los 5.000 compuestos químicos del tabaco o cigarrillo, siendo considerados con suficientes evidencias como carcinogénicos tanto para humanos como para animales. Entre los canceres que han sido asociados con el consumo del cigarrillo, se encuentra el Cáncer del Cuello Uterino (CaCU). El CaCu está asociado a la infección del Virus del Papiloma Humano, sin embargo, hay fuerte evidencias que el cigarrillo es un factor de riesgo independiente en la origen y evolución del CaCU.

Cancer is a worldwide public health problem and its incidence is increasing. External factors are the 90-95% of the causes, cigarette represents the 20-25%. International Agency for Cancer Research has evaluated 62 of the 5.000 cigarette or tobacco chemical compounds; they have been considered with enough evidences as carcinogenic. Among the cancers that have been associated to the cigarette or tobacco, the Cancer of the Cervix (CaC) is one of them. The CaC is associated to the infection of the Human Papillomavirus, however, there are strong evidences that support the cigarette as an independent risk factor in the origin and evolution of the CaC.

Different levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and cortisol in healthy heavy smokers

Studies suggest that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis modulate dopaminergic activity in response to nicotine and that the concentrations of BDNF and cortisol seem to be dependent on the amount and duration of smoking. Therefore, we investigated BDNF and cortisol levels in smokers ranked by daily cigarette consumption. Twenty-seven adult males (13 non-smokers and 14 smokers) participated in the study. The smokers were divided in two groups: light (n=7) and heavy smokers (n=7). Anthropometric parameters and age were paired between the groups, and plasma BDNF and salivary cortisol levels were measured. Saliva samples were collected on awakening, 30 min after awakening, at 10:00 and 12:00 am, 5:00 and 10:00 pm. Additionally, cotinine serum levels were measured in smokers. Heavy smokers had higher mean values of BDNF compared to the control group (P=0.01), whereas no difference was observed in light smokers. Moreover, heavy smokers presented lower cortisol levels in the last collection (10:00 pm) than the control group (P=0.02) and presented statically higher values of cotinine than the light smokers (P=0.002). In conclusion, changes in BDNF and cortisol levels (10:00 pm) appear to be dependent on heavy cigarette smoking and can be involved in activation and in the relationship between the mesolimbic system and the HPA axis.

Effect of cigarette smoking on the structure of hepatocytes: TEM study / Efecto del tabaquismo sobre la estructura de los hepatocitos: estudio MET

The liver is one of the major organs that is indirectly affected by cigarette smoke. The aim of this project is to define the histologic and ultrastructural changes in normal liver cells after exposing animals to cigarette smoke. Thirty albino rats were exposed to cigarette smoke for 90 days, followed by morphologic examination of their livers under light microscope and electron microscope. The liver cells of cigarette smoke exposed rats showed mild swelling with increased eosinophilia. Ultrastructural examination of these cells demonstrated cytoplasm with highly proliferated and crowded mitochondria. There were many electron dense mitochondria. These mitochondria were pleomorphic in shape compared to mitochondrias of control rats. Also, loss of mitochondrial cristae and widening of the intermembranous space was noticed. It is concluded that smoking exerts cellular damage and oxidative stress on normal liver cells resulting in ultrastructural changes.

El hígado es uno de los principales órganos indirectamente afectado por el humo del cigarrillo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue definir los cambios histológicos y ultraestructurales de las células normales del hígado después de exponer a los animales al humo del cigarrillo. Treinta ratas albinas fueron expuestas al humo de cigarrillo durante 90 días, seguido de un examen morfológico de los hígados bajo microscopio de luz y microscopio electrónico. Las células hepáticas de las ratas expuestas al humo de cigarrillo mostraron una leve inflamación con un aumento de la eosinofilia. En el examen ultraestructural de estas células se observó el citoplasma mitocondrial altamente proliferado y saturado. Se observó gran cantidad de mitocondrias electrón-densas y éstas presentaban forma pleomórfica en comparación con las mitocondrias del grupo control. Además, se observó pérdida de las crestas mitocondriales y ensanchamiento del espacio intermembranoso. Se concluye que el tabaquismo ejerce daño celular y estrés oxidativo en las células hepáticas normales, lo que resulta en la aparición de cambios ultraestructurales.

Prevalence of habits and oral mucosal lesions in Jaipur, Rajasthan.

Introduction: Dental health and oral health are used almost synonymously when stating the goals of oral health; such statements are only valid for dental health. This may lead to severe underestimation of the need of total oral health care. When planning measures of oral health care, the lack of data may lead to a risk of overlooking diseases of the soft tissue in, and adjacent to, the oral cavity. Prevalence data of oral mucosal lesions are available from many countries, but the information is usually restricted to very few lesions in each survey. Materials and Methods: The present study is an attempt to assess and compare the various deleterious habits and its associated oral mucosal lesions among patients visiting outpatient department of Jaipur Dental College, Jaipur, Rajasthan. Results: It was found that the prevalence of habits was 51.4% including both the sexes and prevalence of oral mucosal lesions were 9.9%. Discussion: The prevalence of habits and oral mucosal lesions is very high as compared with other studies. The habit of smoking was higher in males as compared to females.

Influencia de las modificaciones epigenéticasocasionadas por el consumo de cigarrillos en relación con la disminución del hueso alveolar-revisión de la literatura / Epigenetic influence of changes caused by cigarette consumption in relation to the bone reduction alveolar-literature review

La epigenética hoy en día constituye uno de los temas de mayor interés en el campo científico, debido a la relación que se ha encontrado con cambios fenotípicos, siendo la metilación del ADN y la desacetilación de las histonas los principales eventos que la caracterizan. A su vez, se ha evidenciado en una amplia gama de patologías. Es por esto, que los factores que inducen estos cambios epigenéticos pueden ser ambientales (como el cigarrillo) o hereditarios. Hay que destacar que entre las alteraciones en las que se ha visto involucrada a la epigenética se encuentra disminución en la cantidad y calidad del hueso en el complejo maxilar-mandíbula, los cuales, a su vez son considerados parámetros de vital importancia en tratamientos odontológicos rehabilitadores. El objetivo de la presente investigación realizar una revisión a la literatura actualizada con el propósito de describir la influencia de las modificaciones epigenéticas ocasionadas por el consumo de cigarrillos y su asociación con la resorción ósea alveolar.

In the present time, the epigenetics is one of the topics with most interest on the scientific field, due to the relationship that has been found with phenotypic changes, been epigenetic´s main event the DNA methylation and the Histone acetylation, that at the same time have been evidenced on a great quantity of pathologies. Because of this, the epigenetics changes are induced by environmental (like smoking) and hereditary factors. Is worth to mention, that among the alterations on which the epigenetic has been related is found the decrease en the quality and quantity of the bone on the maxillary-mandibular complex, which are also consider important parameters for successful dental rehabilitators treatments. A current bibliographic revision was made with the purpose of describe the influence of epigenetic´s modifications involved on the smoking in relationships with the of the alveolar bone loss.

Exposure of Undergraduate Students to Cigarette Adverts: A Case Study of University of Abuja; Nigeria

Context: Cigarette smoking has became prevalent particularly in developing countries where youths get initiated at an earlier age than in the past two decades and there is only rudimentary support for smoking cessation. Although the relationship between cigarette smoking and health hazards is well documented; the incidence of cigarette smoking continues to increase despite global and local tobacco control efforts. Aims: The study objective was to determine the level of exposure of respondents to cigarette smoking and the factors associated with it. Materials and Methods: A pre-tested; self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic features; knowledge about smoking and exposure to media for health information including exposure to tobacco adverts. Subjects were selected by multistage sampling technique. Results: One-third of the students were current smokers and most of them had poor knowledge of the consequences of smoking. All of the students were exposed to some level smoking adverts through electronic/print media. Over 90 of the students had no exposure to smoking prevention and none of the smokers were exposed to cessation interventions. One-fifth believed they were not at health risk as a result of smoking. The school had no smoking control policy. Conclusions: There was a strong; constant exposure of the youths to cigarette adverts in the media; on the streets; the school and homes. There is need to protect the youths from such excessive exposures to factors that encourage smoking and establish intervention strategies to prevent continued exposure to cigarette adverts

Women and tobacco: A total misfit or mis-unfit.

Women smokers are likely to increase as a percentage of the total. If the percentage of women who smoke in developing countries rise to the levels of men smokers, there will be more than 500 million women smokers in the next generation. Because women who smoke die from the same tobacco-caused diseases as men, such an increase will have dramatic effects on women's health and on the health and incomes of their families. In addition, women smokers are also at risk for developing cancer of the reproductive organs and osteoporosis. A gender perspective contributes to a better understanding of the epidemiological trends, social marketing strategies, economic policies, and international actions relating to women and the tobacco epidemic.

Smoking and periodontal tissues: a review

The impact of smoking on general health has been widely studied and is directly related to several important medical problems including cancer, low birth weight, and pulmonary and cardiovascular disease. In the past 25 years, there has also been an increasing awareness of the role of cigarette consumption in oral health problems such as periodontal disease. Smoking is considered the major risk factor in the prevalence, extent and severity of periodontal diseases. This article will discuss the available evidence and provide the reader with an overview of the impact of smoking and its cessation on the pathogenesis and treatment of periodontal diseases.

Tobacco Consumption Practices among the School Students.

Research question: What is the prevalence of tobacco consumption in school students of Anand Taluka in Gujarat. Settings: Urban and rural areas of Anand taluka of Gujarat. Study design: A cross-sectional study. Participants: School students of class 11th and 12th of selected schools. Methodology: Sample size taken for the study purpose was 1200 in accordance with the prevalence of tobacco consumption in Kheda district of Gujarat. The study was conducted with the help of pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire. Urban and rural areas were selected by simple random sampling and school students were selected by systematic random sampling. Results: The prevalence of current tobacco users was found to be 8.2%. Chewing is the most preferable form of tobacco use. Maximum number of users started tobacco use at the age of 11-15. The study showed a lack of knowledge in the students regarding the consequences of tobacco use. Friend’s and teacher’s smoking behaviour is significantly associated with student’s tobacco consumption.